1 00:00:13,670 --> 00:00:17,630 in recent years NASA shuttle fleet has 2 00:00:17,630 --> 00:00:17,640 in recent years NASA shuttle fleet has 3 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:19,970 in recent years NASA shuttle fleet has launched a trio spacecraft beginning a 4 00:00:19,970 --> 00:00:19,980 launched a trio spacecraft beginning a 5 00:00:19,980 --> 00:00:22,640 launched a trio spacecraft beginning a second phase of robotic exploration of 6 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:22,650 second phase of robotic exploration of 7 00:00:22,650 --> 00:00:25,880 second phase of robotic exploration of our solar system initially sent to every 8 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:25,890 our solar system initially sent to every 9 00:00:25,890 --> 00:00:28,519 our solar system initially sent to every planet except Pluto their travels 10 00:00:28,519 --> 00:00:28,529 planet except Pluto their travels 11 00:00:28,529 --> 00:00:30,529 planet except Pluto their travels confirmed planetary atmospheres 12 00:00:30,529 --> 00:00:30,539 confirmed planetary atmospheres 13 00:00:30,539 --> 00:00:33,799 confirmed planetary atmospheres reminiscent of early Earth evidence of 14 00:00:33,799 --> 00:00:33,809 reminiscent of early Earth evidence of 15 00:00:33,809 --> 00:00:37,310 reminiscent of early Earth evidence of water active volcanoes planetary rings 16 00:00:37,310 --> 00:00:37,320 water active volcanoes planetary rings 17 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:40,369 water active volcanoes planetary rings and even giant storms were discovered 18 00:00:40,369 --> 00:00:40,379 and even giant storms were discovered 19 00:00:40,379 --> 00:00:43,490 and even giant storms were discovered the new phase of exploration provides 20 00:00:43,490 --> 00:00:43,500 the new phase of exploration provides 21 00:00:43,500 --> 00:00:47,440 the new phase of exploration provides even more in-depth studies in October 22 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:47,450 even more in-depth studies in October 23 00:00:47,450 --> 00:00:50,869 even more in-depth studies in October 1990 the Ulysses spacecraft began a 24 00:00:50,869 --> 00:00:50,879 1990 the Ulysses spacecraft began a 25 00:00:50,879 --> 00:00:53,779 1990 the Ulysses spacecraft began a five-year journey it was built by the 26 00:00:53,779 --> 00:00:53,789 five-year journey it was built by the 27 00:00:53,789 --> 00:00:56,119 five-year journey it was built by the European Space Agency to learn more 28 00:00:56,119 --> 00:00:56,129 European Space Agency to learn more 29 00:00:56,129 --> 00:00:59,540 European Space Agency to learn more about the Sun Jupiter is the ultimate 30 00:00:59,540 --> 00:00:59,550 about the Sun Jupiter is the ultimate 31 00:00:59,550 --> 00:01:01,299 about the Sun Jupiter is the ultimate destination for NASA's Galileo 32 00:01:01,299 --> 00:01:01,309 destination for NASA's Galileo 33 00:01:01,309 --> 00:01:05,590 destination for NASA's Galileo spacecraft launched in October 1989 34 00:01:05,590 --> 00:01:05,600 spacecraft launched in October 1989 35 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:08,660 spacecraft launched in October 1989 after reaching the giant gaseous planet 36 00:01:08,660 --> 00:01:08,670 after reaching the giant gaseous planet 37 00:01:08,670 --> 00:01:12,710 after reaching the giant gaseous planet in late 1995 Galileo would deploy a tiny 38 00:01:12,710 --> 00:01:12,720 in late 1995 Galileo would deploy a tiny 39 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:14,929 in late 1995 Galileo would deploy a tiny probe to penetrate the atmosphere and 40 00:01:14,929 --> 00:01:14,939 probe to penetrate the atmosphere and 41 00:01:14,939 --> 00:01:18,289 probe to penetrate the atmosphere and radio back data at the same time the 42 00:01:18,289 --> 00:01:18,299 radio back data at the same time the 43 00:01:18,299 --> 00:01:20,390 radio back data at the same time the main orbiter will use its complement of 44 00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:20,400 main orbiter will use its complement of 45 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:22,670 main orbiter will use its complement of 12 experiments to study Jupiter's 46 00:01:22,670 --> 00:01:22,680 12 experiments to study Jupiter's 47 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:26,120 12 experiments to study Jupiter's sixteen moons its atmosphere radiation 48 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:26,130 sixteen moons its atmosphere radiation 49 00:01:26,130 --> 00:01:29,539 sixteen moons its atmosphere radiation and magnetic fields traveling to Jupiter 50 00:01:29,539 --> 00:01:29,549 and magnetic fields traveling to Jupiter 51 00:01:29,549 --> 00:01:32,210 and magnetic fields traveling to Jupiter requires a series of gravity assists 52 00:01:32,210 --> 00:01:32,220 requires a series of gravity assists 53 00:01:32,220 --> 00:01:34,670 requires a series of gravity assists giving the spacecraft to push by 54 00:01:34,670 --> 00:01:34,680 giving the spacecraft to push by 55 00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:37,310 giving the spacecraft to push by visiting Venus once then earth twice 56 00:01:37,310 --> 00:01:37,320 visiting Venus once then earth twice 57 00:01:37,320 --> 00:01:40,550 visiting Venus once then earth twice before making the final leg to Jupiter 58 00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:40,560 before making the final leg to Jupiter 59 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:43,160 before making the final leg to Jupiter this is what Galileo saw when it 60 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:43,170 this is what Galileo saw when it 61 00:01:43,170 --> 00:01:45,679 this is what Galileo saw when it recently came within 600 miles of Earth 62 00:01:45,679 --> 00:01:45,689 recently came within 600 miles of Earth 63 00:01:45,689 --> 00:01:48,710 recently came within 600 miles of Earth on its first pass hundreds of images 64 00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:48,720 on its first pass hundreds of images 65 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:52,010 on its first pass hundreds of images were combined over a 25 hour period to 66 00:01:52,010 --> 00:01:52,020 were combined over a 25 hour period to 67 00:01:52,020 --> 00:01:54,380 were combined over a 25 hour period to give a view never seen before of the 68 00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:54,390 give a view never seen before of the 69 00:01:54,390 --> 00:01:57,529 give a view never seen before of the whole earth in motion images of the moon 70 00:01:57,529 --> 00:01:57,539 whole earth in motion images of the moon 71 00:01:57,539 --> 00:01:59,929 whole earth in motion images of the moon were also taken which include rare 72 00:01:59,929 --> 00:01:59,939 were also taken which include rare 73 00:01:59,939 --> 00:02:03,560 were also taken which include rare glimpses of its far side Earth's sister 74 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:03,570 glimpses of its far side Earth's sister 75 00:02:03,570 --> 00:02:06,590 glimpses of its far side Earth's sister planet Venus is similar in size density 76 00:02:06,590 --> 00:02:06,600 planet Venus is similar in size density 77 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:09,589 planet Venus is similar in size density and position in the solar system but 78 00:02:09,589 --> 00:02:09,599 and position in the solar system but 79 00:02:09,599 --> 00:02:12,160 and position in the solar system but very different in geology and climate 80 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:12,170 very different in geology and climate 81 00:02:12,170 --> 00:02:14,900 very different in geology and climate making it an important candidate for 82 00:02:14,900 --> 00:02:14,910 making it an important candidate for 83 00:02:14,910 --> 00:02:18,860 making it an important candidate for study in May of 1989 the Atlantis 84 00:02:18,860 --> 00:02:18,870 study in May of 1989 the Atlantis 85 00:02:18,870 --> 00:02:20,870 study in May of 1989 the Atlantis shuttle poll released the spacecraft 86 00:02:20,870 --> 00:02:20,880 shuttle poll released the spacecraft 87 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:23,600 shuttle poll released the spacecraft Magellan on a mission to map the entire 88 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:23,610 Magellan on a mission to map the entire 89 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:27,080 Magellan on a mission to map the entire surface of Venus the elegant yet simple 90 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:27,090 surface of Venus the elegant yet simple 91 00:02:27,090 --> 00:02:29,199 surface of Venus the elegant yet simple mapper carries one instrument a 92 00:02:29,199 --> 00:02:29,209 mapper carries one instrument a 93 00:02:29,209 --> 00:02:31,880 mapper carries one instrument a high-resolution radar that sees through 94 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:31,890 high-resolution radar that sees through 95 00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:33,680 high-resolution radar that sees through the planet's thick cloud choked 96 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:33,690 the planet's thick cloud choked 97 00:02:33,690 --> 00:02:36,470 the planet's thick cloud choked atmosphere mapping has just begun at 98 00:02:36,470 --> 00:02:36,480 atmosphere mapping has just begun at 99 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:38,449 atmosphere mapping has just begun at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 100 00:02:38,449 --> 00:02:38,459 NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 101 00:02:38,459 --> 00:02:41,660 NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena California investigators like 102 00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:41,670 Pasadena California investigators like 103 00:02:41,670 --> 00:02:44,270 Pasadena California investigators like dr. Jim head a geologist at Brown 104 00:02:44,270 --> 00:02:44,280 dr. Jim head a geologist at Brown 105 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:46,759 dr. Jim head a geologist at Brown University are already seeing features 106 00:02:46,759 --> 00:02:46,769 University are already seeing features 107 00:02:46,769 --> 00:02:48,949 University are already seeing features that set this planet apart from all 108 00:02:48,949 --> 00:02:48,959 that set this planet apart from all 109 00:02:48,959 --> 00:02:51,410 that set this planet apart from all others the detail of the Magellan images 110 00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:51,420 others the detail of the Magellan images 111 00:02:51,420 --> 00:02:53,930 others the detail of the Magellan images and their crispness is so incredibly 112 00:02:53,930 --> 00:02:53,940 and their crispness is so incredibly 113 00:02:53,940 --> 00:02:55,310 and their crispness is so incredibly it's these are these are just like 114 00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:55,320 it's these are these are just like 115 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:57,050 it's these are these are just like pieces of art you know we sit and we 116 00:02:57,050 --> 00:02:57,060 pieces of art you know we sit and we 117 00:02:57,060 --> 00:02:59,870 pieces of art you know we sit and we look at these almost an AW some raw data 118 00:02:59,870 --> 00:02:59,880 look at these almost an AW some raw data 119 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:02,690 look at these almost an AW some raw data has also been processed into movies that 120 00:03:02,690 --> 00:03:02,700 has also been processed into movies that 121 00:03:02,700 --> 00:03:04,670 has also been processed into movies that bring out the desolate lava-filled 122 00:03:04,670 --> 00:03:04,680 bring out the desolate lava-filled 123 00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:06,920 bring out the desolate lava-filled landscape making up so much of the 124 00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:06,930 landscape making up so much of the 125 00:03:06,930 --> 00:03:11,000 landscape making up so much of the Venusian surface old areas unspoiled by 126 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:11,010 Venusian surface old areas unspoiled by 127 00:03:11,010 --> 00:03:13,009 Venusian surface old areas unspoiled by lava flows are intriguing to 128 00:03:13,009 --> 00:03:13,019 lava flows are intriguing to 129 00:03:13,019 --> 00:03:14,870 lava flows are intriguing to investigators because they show little 130 00:03:14,870 --> 00:03:14,880 investigators because they show little 131 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:17,990 investigators because they show little sign of being eroded if you said to 132 00:03:17,990 --> 00:03:18,000 sign of being eroded if you said to 133 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,640 sign of being eroded if you said to someone gee you know we have this planet 134 00:03:19,640 --> 00:03:19,650 someone gee you know we have this planet 135 00:03:19,650 --> 00:03:22,009 someone gee you know we have this planet here that has this incredibly hot dense 136 00:03:22,009 --> 00:03:22,019 here that has this incredibly hot dense 137 00:03:22,019 --> 00:03:23,479 here that has this incredibly hot dense atmosphere and by the way it sort of 138 00:03:23,479 --> 00:03:23,489 atmosphere and by the way it sort of 139 00:03:23,489 --> 00:03:25,580 atmosphere and by the way it sort of rained sulfuric acid and so on 140 00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:25,590 rained sulfuric acid and so on 141 00:03:25,590 --> 00:03:27,530 rained sulfuric acid and so on you know you get this vision of things 142 00:03:27,530 --> 00:03:27,540 you know you get this vision of things 143 00:03:27,540 --> 00:03:29,360 you know you get this vision of things are rotating away completely and no 144 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:29,370 are rotating away completely and no 145 00:03:29,370 --> 00:03:31,099 are rotating away completely and no record of anything but it's quite to the 146 00:03:31,099 --> 00:03:31,109 record of anything but it's quite to the 147 00:03:31,109 --> 00:03:33,080 record of anything but it's quite to the contrary in fact the very dense 148 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:33,090 contrary in fact the very dense 149 00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:35,870 contrary in fact the very dense atmosphere keeps these small projectiles 150 00:03:35,870 --> 00:03:35,880 atmosphere keeps these small projectiles 151 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:38,539 atmosphere keeps these small projectiles that would come in from outer space off 152 00:03:38,539 --> 00:03:38,549 that would come in from outer space off 153 00:03:38,549 --> 00:03:39,979 that would come in from outer space off the surface and the very high surface 154 00:03:39,979 --> 00:03:39,989 the surface and the very high surface 155 00:03:39,989 --> 00:03:42,020 the surface and the very high surface temperatures mean that there's no liquid 156 00:03:42,020 --> 00:03:42,030 temperatures mean that there's no liquid 157 00:03:42,030 --> 00:03:43,670 temperatures mean that there's no liquid water and we're able to look at the 158 00:03:43,670 --> 00:03:43,680 water and we're able to look at the 159 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:47,240 water and we're able to look at the surface and see an crisp rich detail the 160 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:47,250 surface and see an crisp rich detail the 161 00:03:47,250 --> 00:03:49,039 surface and see an crisp rich detail the nature of the geological processes that 162 00:03:49,039 --> 00:03:49,049 nature of the geological processes that 163 00:03:49,049 --> 00:03:50,720 nature of the geological processes that are operating much more so than we're 164 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:50,730 are operating much more so than we're 165 00:03:50,730 --> 00:03:52,130 are operating much more so than we're able to do on the earth 166 00:03:52,130 --> 00:03:52,140 able to do on the earth 167 00:03:52,140 --> 00:03:54,680 able to do on the earth in the coming years as the United States 168 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:54,690 in the coming years as the United States 169 00:03:54,690 --> 00:03:56,990 in the coming years as the United States and its international partners continue 170 00:03:56,990 --> 00:03:57,000 and its international partners continue 171 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,960 and its international partners continue planetary exploration the spacecraft 172 00:03:59,960 --> 00:03:59,970 planetary exploration the spacecraft 173 00:03:59,970 --> 00:04:03,200 planetary exploration the spacecraft Ulysses Galileo and Magellan will play 174 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:03,210 Ulysses Galileo and Magellan will play 175 00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:06,020 Ulysses Galileo and Magellan will play key roles ultimately leading to a better 176 00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:06,030 key roles ultimately leading to a better 177 00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:11,420 key roles ultimately leading to a better understanding of our home planet 178 00:04:11,420 --> 00:04:11,430 179 00:04:11,430 --> 00:04:13,489 you